What are pigments for Plastics: Complete Technical Guide

Pigments for Plastics: Complete Technical Guide

塑料用颜料：完整的技术指南

Pigments are organic or inorganic particles added to the base polymer. It gives the plastic a specific color and provides them with functional benefits. There are several pigments available in the plastics industry. But finding the right one as per your specific need can be tricky.颜料是添加到基体树脂中有机或无机的颗粒，它赋予塑料特定的颜色，并为其提供功能性的作用。塑料行业有多种颜料可供选择，但根据你的具体需求找到合适的颜料可能是会很棘手。In this guide, we will summarize the following:a.the different classes and key features of pigment familiesb.the performance properties and processing solutions used in the plastics industry在本指南中，我们将总结如下内容：a.颜料家族的不同类型和关键特性b.塑料行业中使用颜料的性能特性和加工方式

What are pigments?

Pigments are insoluble organic or inorganic particles added to the polymer base to give a specific color to the plastic.a.Pigments that are organic in nature are hard to disperse and tend to form agglomerates (clumps of pigment particles). These agglomerates can cause spots and specks in the final product.b.On the other hand, inorganic pigments (like metal oxides, sulfides, and carbon blacks) get more easily dispersed in the resin. Amongst the inorganic pigments titanium dioxide is the most widely used pigment in the plastics industry.颜料是不溶的有机或无机颗粒添加到聚合物基体中，赋予塑料特定的颜色。a.有机颜料难以分散，倾向于团聚（颜料颗粒的团聚），这些团聚体会在终端产品中形成斑点或污点。b.相反，无机颜料（如金属氧化物、硫化物和炭黑）更易在树脂中分散，在无机颜料中，二氧化钛是塑料行业最广泛使用的颜料。

How are pigments classified?

Pigment families are mainly categorized into:a.Organic pigmentsb.Inorganic Pigmentsc.Carbon blacksd.White pigmentse.Special effect pigmentsf.Aluminum pigments, andg.Other pigments颜料家族主要分为：a.有机颜料b.无机颜料c.炭黑d.白色颜料e.特殊效果颜料f.铝颜料g.其他颜料

Typical performance properties（典型性能特性）

1.Weatherability/Aging – Exposure to sunlight and some artificial lights can have adverse effects on the useful life of plastic products. So polymers that are frequently used outdoors need UV protection. Hence, they also require weather-resistant pigments.1.耐候性/老化-暴露于阳光或一些人造灯下，可能会对塑料产品的使用寿命产生不利影响。因此，户外用塑料需要紫外保护，因此，它们同样需要耐候性颜料。To assess weathering resistance in practice, you must use outdoor exposure tests in the climatic region(s) concerned. This is not always feasible. The widely used alternative is accelerated testing: CYCLE WOM 119.为了在实践中评估耐候性，必须在相关的气候区域进行户外暴露试验。这并不总是可行的。广泛使用的替代方法是加速测试：CYCLE WOM 119。

We must consider the light stabilizer system together with:a.the pigment formulation andb.the specified fastness criteria for the final product.我们必须考虑光稳定系统的以下方面：a.颜料配方b.最终产品的指定牢度标准2.Light Fastness – It is a measure of the color fastness of light over time. This property measures the color change of plastics when used in indoor applications. Pigment selection for plastics used in indoor applications depends on:a.polymer typeb.concentration of the pigmentc.presence of titanium dioxide (which typically accelerates fading)d.required light fastnesse.ervice conditions2.光牢度-这是衡量塑料中颜色随时间变化的牢度，这个性能衡量户外用塑料的颜色变化，户外用塑料的颜料选择取决于：a.聚合物类型b.颜料的浓度c.二氧化钛的是否存在（通常会加速褪色）d.所需的光牢度e.使用条件If a pigment has good Light Fastness, it does not always mean that it has good weather-fastness.如果一种颜料具有好的光牢度，并不意味着具有好的耐候牢度。Pigment performance can also be influenced by:a.surface of the articleb.processing heat history, and c. stabilization package颜料的性能也会受以下方面的影响：a.颗粒的表面b.加工热历史c.包装方式
Generally, inorganic pigments exhibit superior light fastness than organic pigments.一般情况，无机颜料比有机颜料具有更好的光牢度。3.Warping/Nucleation – The two factors that determine the final properties of a plastic article are:a.the degree of crystallinity andb.the speed of crystallization3.翘曲/成核-决定塑料制品最终性能的两个因素是:a.结晶度b.结晶速度Organic pigments influence these parameters during the cooling phase of plastic processing. Particularly in HDPE injection molding.有机颜料会在塑料加工的冷却阶段影响影响这些因素，特别在HDPE注塑。This can result in:a.Reduced mechanical stabilityb.Impact on dimensional stabilityc.Warpingd.Shrinkage这会导致：a.降低机械性能稳定性b.影响尺寸稳定性c.翘曲d.收缩Typical applications where this effect becomes important are containers, crates, and caps & closures. Pigments can be divided into three groups, depending on their influence on the shrinkage of HDPE injection molding systems. This distortion tendency is described as:在例如容器、托盘、盖子及密封件等典型应用中，这些影响变得很重要。根据对HDPE注塑系统收缩的影响，可将颜料划分为三组:

不翘曲	没有显著影响，无论是在实验室测试中还是实践中。
低翘曲	在实验室测试中检测到轻微影响，但已经在实践成功应用
翘曲	在实验室和实际应用中都有明显影响，不推荐应用于该领域或者或仅与特定的抗翘曲助剂结合使用。

4.Transparency – Usually, transparency is obtained by reducing pigment particle size as possible. This is achieved by surrounding the particles as soon as they are formed with a coating, which prevents the growth of crystals. The most common products used for this coating are rosin or rosin derivatives. This is particularly useful for printing ink pigments that have high transparency. It has the added advantage that such pigments are more easily dispersed.4.透明度-通常，通过尽可能减少颜料粒径来获得透明度，这是通过颗粒在形成时用涂层包裹着来阻止晶体生产来实现的。最常使用涂层的产品是松香或松香衍生物，这对于印刷具有高透明的油墨特别有用。这种颜料还有个优点是特别容易分散。Iron oxide pigments can be opaque or transparent. The transparent variety is an important group of inorganic pigments as they are widely used for metallic finishes. Their high level of transparency gives them an attractive finish. Their weatherability resistance improves the weatherability of pigments with which they can be combined. This is known as a synergistic effect. Transparent iron oxides depend on the particles being unusually small, and having a crystal shape.a.Effect of Dispersion on Transparency – The dispersion process can influence transparency. It involves breaking up agglomerates of particles into individual primary particles. However, primary particles are not split up by the dispersion process. All one can do is to make full use of the pigments original particle size. Good dispersion will maximize the transparency of a small particle.b.Measurement of transparency – It is assessed by applying the coating over a black and white contrast chart, and measuring the color difference. The greater the color difference, the higher the transparency.氧化铁颜料可以是不透明的或是透明的，透明品种是一类重要的无机颜料，广泛用于金属外观。它们高透明性赋予它们一种更具吸引力的外观。它们的耐候性改善了与之结合颜料的耐候性，也被称之为协同效应。透明氧化铁颗粒的粒径通常较小，并且具有特定的晶体形状。a.分散性对透明性影响-分散过程会影响透明性，这包括将颗粒的团聚体分解为单个初级颗粒。然而，初级粒子并没有被分散过程拆分，人们所能做的就是充分利用颜料的原始颗粒尺寸。好的分散将最大限度的提高小颗粒的透明度。b.测量透明度-通过在黑白对比图上涂抹涂层，并测量色差来评估。色差越大，透明度越高。

What are the types of organic pigments suitable for plastics?

Organic pigments refer to a wide range of chemical families and cover a wide spectrum of properties. They are mainly used for applications needing high tinting strength and brilliant shades while inorganic pigments are mainly useful where high opacity is needed.
有机颜料涵盖了广泛的化学家族,具有多种性能。它们主要用于需要高着色力和鲜艳色调的应用,而无机颜料主要用于需要高不透明度的应用。
We can distinguish three main categories of organic pigments:a.Polycyclic b.Azo (Mono- and Di-) c.Metal complexes 我们将有机颜料划分三大类：a.多环b.偶氮（单-和二-）c.金属络合物For each category, classical and high performances pigments are available. The performances of the pigment will depend on:a.Chemical structures b.Surface properties c.Crystallinity d.Particle size and size distribution 每个种类都有经典和高性能的颜料可选，颜料的性能取决于：a.化学结构b.表面性能c.结晶度d.粒径和尺寸分布 Now let’s take a look at the organic components driving a specific color pigment.现在让我们看看推动特定颜色颜料的有机成分。Yellow Pigments

家族	色彩性能	特性	主要应用
蒽醌	中到高着色力和透明性	良好的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，良好到优异的耐候性	PS, PP, LDPE, HDPE, PMMA, PC, PBT, PET
偶氮二色素	高着色力、色度和不透明度范围广泛，	良好的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，中等到良好的耐候性	PVC, LDPE,HDE,PP, PS, HDPE
异吲哚酮	中到高色彩强度,偏绿黄、偏红黄和橙色	优异的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，中等到良好的耐候性，特别在低浓度和降低二氧化钛时,具有优异的耐候性	PVC, PS, LDPE, HDPE, PP
单偶氮盐	中等着色强度	良好的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，低耐候性	PVC, LDPE, HDPE, PP, PS

Orange Pigments

家族	色彩性能	特性	主要应用
苯并咪唑酮	高饱和度和不透明度	良好的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，中等耐候	PVC, PS, LDPE, HDPE, PP, ABS
二酮基吡咯吡咙(DPP)	极纯和鲜艳的色调,高着色力,广泛的色调和不透明度	良好到优异的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，红色显示有良好的耐候性	PVC, PS, LDPE, HDPE, PP
异吲哚酮	中到高色彩强度,偏绿黄、偏红黄和橙色	优异的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，中等到良好的耐候性，特别在低浓度和降低二氧化钛时,具有优异的耐候性	PVC, PS, LDPE, HDPE, PP

Brown Pigments

家族		色彩性能	特性	主要应用
偶氮二色素	高着色力、色度和不透明度范围广泛，		良好的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，中等到良好的耐候性	PVC

Red pigments

家族	色彩性能	特性	主要应用
蒽醌	中到高着色力和透明性	良好的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，良好到优异的耐候性	PS, PP, LDPE, HDPE
BONA Lake	高着色力、纯正色调	低耐热性和低耐光性，良好的耐迁移性	PVC, PS, LDPE, PP
偶氮二色素	高着色力，色调和不透明性范围广	优异的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，中等耐候性	PVC, PS, LDPE, HDPE, PP
二酮基吡咯吡咙(DPP)	极纯和鲜艳的色调,高着色力,广泛的色调和不透明度	良好到优异的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，红色显示有良好的耐候性	PVC, LDPE, HDPE, PP, PS
萘酚湖	高着色力、纯正色调	优异的耐热性和耐迁移性，低的耐光性	PVC, PS, LDPE
喹吖啶酮	中到高着色强度，蓝红色和紫色	优异的耐热性和耐光性和耐迁移性，优异的耐候性，特别是降低TiO2量时	PVC, HDPE, PP, PS,

Blue pigments

家族	色彩性能	特性	主要应用
蒽醌	中到高着色力和透明性	良好的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，良好到优异的耐候性	PVC, PS, LDPE, HDPE, PP, PET
酞青	高着色力	优异的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，优异的耐候性	PVC, LDPE, HDPE, PP, ABS, PA, PET

Violet Pigments

家族	色彩性能	特性	主要应用
二恶嗪	高着色强度	优异的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，中等耐候性	PVC, PS, LDPE, HDPE, PP
喹吖啶酮	中到高的着色强度，蓝红色和紫色	优异的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，良好到优异的耐候性，特别是降低TiO2量时	PVC, HDPE, PP

Green Pigments

家族	色彩性能	特性	主要应用
酞青	高着色力	优异的耐热、耐光和耐迁移性，优异的耐候性	PS, PVC, LDPE, HDPE, PP, ABS

What are the popular inorganic pigments used in plastics?

When it comes to polymers and plastics,inorganic pigments are known to offer several benefits as listed below.a.Easy dispersingb.Heat stablec.Lightfastd.Weatherablee.Opaquef.Insoluble, avoiding migration tendencies对于聚合物和塑料而言，无机颜料具有以下几种优势：a.易于分散b.耐热c.耐光d.耐候e.不透明f.不溶于基料，避免迁移Some of the inorganic pigments, particularly those containing ions capable of more than one oxidation state (for example Pb, Hg, Cr, Cu, Fe), darken upon exposure. Thermal degradation generally manifests itself as darkening as well. Inorganic pigments are not shear sensitive and offer a good value in use.部分无机颜料，特别是那些含有能够呈现多种氧化态的离子(如Pb、Hg、Cr、Cu、Fe等)的颜料，在暴露下会变暗。热降解一般也会导致变暗。无机颜料对剪切不敏感，性价比高。Certain inorganic pigments exhibit highIR reflectivity for a given visible color. Inorganic pigments are used in applications requiring surfaces to stay cool and to withstand outdoor elements, such as roofing, decking, and automotive exteriors. This allows costs and energy savings but also increases the life of the substrate by protecting it from damage caused by the heat of the sun.某些无机颜料具有高红外反射性，同时还保持可见光颜色。无机颜料被用于需要表面保持凉爽并抵御户外环境的应用，如屋顶、地板和汽车外饰。这不仅可以节省成本和能源，还可以通过防止阳光热量的危害来延长基材的使用寿命。Yellow Pigments

家族	耐热	耐光度	其他特性
C.I.颜料黄 42(氧化铁)	160 到180°C	–	适用于橡胶
C.I. 颜料黄 34 (铅络酸盐)	140 到 300°C	–	包覆后更耐热更稳定
C.I. 颜料黄 184(铋钒酸盐)	240 到 300°C	优异	在市场上的重要性日益上升（无重金属和优异性能），优异耐候性
C.I. 颜料黄 53 (镍钛黄)	高达 1000°C	–	着色力低